CFD Convergence Criteria: Why Residuals Alone Are Not Enough
Residuals fell three orders and the answer is still moving. Learn three checks that show a CFD solution has converged, with a worked example and a checklist.
Read articleEngineering notes. Clearer decisions.
Practical guidance on CFD, model evidence and the questions worth asking before a simulation.
How Much Does a CFD Study Cost? Six Things Set the Price
CFD studies run from about USD 1,500 to tens of thousands. See the six factors that move a quote, real starting prices, and five ways to lower yours.
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CFD Simulation Diverging? Seven Checks in the Right Order
A diverging CFD run has a cause, and lowering under-relaxation rarely finds it. Work through seven checks in order, from units and boundaries to numerics.
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Drop-Shaped Tubes vs Circular Tubes: Heat Transfer Compared
Drop-shaped tubes keep the flow attached longer than circular ones. See what that does to heat transfer, pressure drop and pumping power, and its limits.
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Ejector CFD Simulation: Which Turbulence Model to Trust
Ejector CFD depends heavily on the turbulence model. See what a published validation reports for k-omega SST, where it is weaker, and how to compare designs.
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Heat Exchanger Flow Maldistribution: Why Units Miss Duty
An exchanger that misses its duty often has uneven flow between tubes. Learn the one-minute header check, the causes, and what a CFD study shows.
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How Accurate Is CFD? What Acceptable Error Really Means
CFD has no single accuracy figure. See where the error comes from, what a published validation reports, and how to decide what error your decision can tolerate.
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k-omega SST vs k-epsilon: Which Model and What y+
Choosing between k-omega SST and k-epsilon depends on how you treat the wall. Compare the two models, see which y+ each needs, and calculate the first cell height.
Read articleMesh Independence Study: A Worked GCI Example
A step-by-step mesh independence study: three meshes, the refinement ratio, the observed order and the grid convergence index, ending in one sentence for your report.
Read articleOpenFOAM vs Ansys Fluent: Which Should Your Team Use?
OpenFOAM and Ansys Fluent solve the same equations. Compare licence cost, learning time, support, meshing and automation, with a table to help you choose.
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Will AI Replace CFD? What Surrogate Models Can and Cannot Do
AI surrogates return a flow field in seconds, but they are trained on CFD and fail quietly outside their data. What they do well and what engineers should learn.
Read articleBefore CFD: define the engineering decision
What to bring to a CFD discussion: the equipment, operating envelope, available evidence and the decision the calculation must support.
Read articleVerification and validation: two different questions
A converged CFD solution is a starting point. Numerical checks and comparison with physical evidence answer different questions about a model.
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